Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza umqulu wangaphandle unomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 futhi cishe ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu.
Isigaba sokuqala (1838-1909)yisigaba sokuhlola nesilingo sokukhiqiza.Kulesi sigaba, ucwaningo lwethiyori yokwakha umqulu kanye nensimbi eyakhiwe ngendlela ebandayo luqhubeka kancane.Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni yezokuthutha yezimboni, insimbi eyakhiwe ngendlela ebandayo ekhiqizwa inqubo yokwenza umqulu ngeke isakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabasebenzisi.
Isigaba sesibili (1910-1959)yisigaba sokusungula futhi kancane kancane sandise inqubo yokwenza umqulu.
Isigaba sesithathu (kusukela ngo-1960 kuze kube manje)yisigaba sokuthuthuka okusheshayo kokukhiqizwa kokwakhiwa kwama-roll.Umkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwensimbi yangaphandle ebandayo ungafingqwa ngezici eziningana:
1).Ukukhiqizwa kuyaqhubeka nokukhula
Kusukela ngawo-1960, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi yangaphandle ebandayo eyakheke kuye kwanda ngokushesha.Lona umkhuba ojwayelekile.Ngokwezibalo zensimbi eyakhiwe ngokubanda emazweni ahlukahlukene phakathi neminyaka edlule, ukukhishwa kwensimbi eyenziwe ngokubanda kanye nokukhishwa kwensimbi kuye kwaba nokuzinza ngokwesilinganiso esithile.Isikhathi ngu-1.5:100 kuya ku-4:100.Isibonelo, uhlelo lwentuthuko olwakhiwe yiSoviet Union yangaphambili ngo-1975 lwabeka ukuthi ukukhishwa kwensimbi eyakhiwe ngendlela ebandayo ngo-1990 kuzobalelwa ku-4% wensimbi ephumayo.Ngokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza insimbi eyakhiwe ngendlela ebandayo, ukucaciswa komkhiqizo nezinhlobonhlobo kuyaqhubeka nokwanda, futhi izinga lomkhiqizo liyaqhubeka nokuba ngcono Ububanzi bokufaka isicelo buyakhula.I-Soviet Union yangaphambili yayilawula kabusha uhlelo lokuqala lwentuthuko ngo-1979, ibeka ukuthi izofinyelela ku-5% ngo-1990. Amanye amazwe nawo ahlela ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi epholile.Manje ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi yangaphandle eyakheke ngokubanda cishe kungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-10 ngonyaka.Ibalelwa ku-3% yenani lensimbi emhlabeni.
2).Umsebenzi wokucwaninga uya ujula
Umsebenzi wocwaningo mayelana nethiyori yokwakha umqulu, inqubo yokwakha kanye nokwenza izinto zokusebenza ujulile phesheya, futhi uchungechunge lwenqubekelaphambili selwenziwe ocwaningweni ngokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwensimbi eyakhiwe ebandayo.Ngokwesibonelo, izwe elaliyiSoviet Union kanye ne-United States baye basebenzisa amakhompuyutha e-electronic ukuze bahlole amandla namandla emingceleni yokugoba okubandayo futhi bahlole indlela yokuguga esebenzisa amandla aphansi kakhulu.
3).Izinqubo ezintsha ziyaqhubeka nokuvela
Kusukela inqubo yokwenza umqulu yacwaningwa ngempumelelo e-United States ngo-1910, ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuthuthukiswa nokuphelela, inqubo yokubumba isivuthwe kakhulu.Njengoba imiphumela yezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho yensimbi eyakheke ngendlela ebandayo isiya ngokuya iqashelwa, insimbi eyakheke ngendlela ebandayo isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene yomnotho wezwe.Abasebenzisi banezidingo eziqinile kakhulu zekhwalithi yensimbi eyakhiwe ngendlela ebandayo, futhi badinga ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nokucaciswa.Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinqubo zokwakhiwa kweroll ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabasebenzisi.Amazwe angaphandle asemukele izinqubo zokwakhiwa kwama-roll futhi athuthukisa imishini ehambisanayo.Umshini Wokwenza I-Roll Emile onohlobo lwe-plug-in, iyunithi yokwakha enokulungiswa okumaphakathi kokwakhiwa kwemiqulu ibizwa ngokuthi iyunithi ye-CTA (I-Central Tool Adjustment), iyunithi yokwakha enqenqemeni eqondile.
4) Izinhlobonhlobo zomkhiqizo zikhula njalo, futhi isakhiwo somkhiqizo sivuselelwa njalo.
Ngokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwensimbi eyenziwe ngokubanda kanye nokwandiswa kobubanzi bokusebenza, izinhlobonhlobo zensimbi ezibandayo ziyaqhubeka nokwanda, isakhiwo somkhiqizo sivuselelwa njalo, futhi amazinga omkhiqizo athuthukiswa kancane kancane.Ngokuvela okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obusha, ububanzi bezinto ze-billet kanye nokucaciswa kuyanda.Manje kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-10,000 kanye nokucaciswa kwensimbi eyakhiwe ngamakhaza ekhiqizwa phesheya.Imininingwane yensimbi eyakhiwe ngamakhaza isukela ku-10mm kuya ku-2500mm, nogqinsi 0.1 mm ~ 32mm.Ngokombono wezinto zensimbi ezakhiwe ngokubanda, ikakhulukazi kwakuyinsimbi ye-carbon ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1970, eyaba ngaphezu kuka-90%.Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, ngokusebenzisa ukuqhathanisa kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi enengxubevange ephezulu enamandla amakhulu, insimbi eyingxubevange nensimbi engagqwali kwenza ingxenye yemikhiqizo yensimbi ejwayelekile yekhabhoni yehle unyaka nonyaka, futhi ingxenye yensimbi ye-alloy, high-strength low-alloy metal kanye nemikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali ikhula unyaka nonyaka.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-04-2022